Micro bitcoin calculator script

Some software incorporates several different scripting languages. Modern web browsers typically provide a language for writing extensions to the browser itself, and several standard embedded languages for controlling the browser, including JavaScript a dialect of ECMAScript or XUL. Scripting is often contrasted with system programming , as in Ousterhout's dichotomy or " programming in the large and programming in the small ".

In this view, scripting is particularly glue code , connecting software components , and a language specialized for this purpose is a glue language. Pipelines and shell scripting are archetypal examples of glue languages, and Perl was initially developed to fill this same role. Web development can be considered a use of glue languages, interfacing between a database and web server. But if a substantial amount of logic is written in script, it is better characterized as simply another software component, not "glue".

Macro languages exposed to operating system or application components can serve as glue languages. A majority of applications can access and use operating system components via the object models or its own functions.

Programmable calculators can be programmed in glue languages in three ways. For example, the Texas Instruments TI , by factory default can be programmed with a command script language. Inclusion of the scripting and glue language Lua in the TI-NSpire series of calculators could be seen as a successor to this. The primary on-board high-level programming languages of most graphing calculators most often Basic variants, sometimes Lisp derivatives, and more uncommonly, C derivatives in many cases can glue together calculator functions—such as graphs, lists, matrices, etc.

Third-party implementations of more comprehensive Basic version that may be closer to variants listed as glue languages in this article are available—and attempts to implement Perl, Rexx, or various operating system shells on the TI and HP graphing calculators are also mentioned.

PC-based C cross-compilers for some of the TI and HP machines used in conjunction with tools that convert between C and Perl, Rexx, AWK, as well as shell scripts to Perl, Modern Pascal, VBScript to and from Perl make it possible to write a program in a glue language for eventual implementation as a compiled program on the calculator. A major class of scripting languages has grown out of the automation of job control , which relates to starting and controlling the behavior of system programs.

Others, such as AppleScript offer the use of English-like commands to build scripts. With the advent of graphical user interfaces, a specialized kind of scripting language emerged for controlling a computer. These languages interact with the same graphic windows, menus, buttons, and so on that a human user would. They do this by simulating the actions of a user. These languages are typically used to automate user actions. Such languages are also called " macros " when control is through simulated key presses or mouse clicks, as well as tapping or pressing on a touch-activated screen.

These languages could in principle be used to control any GUI application; but, in practice their use is limited because their use needs support from the application and from the operating system. There are a few exceptions to this limitation. Some GUI scripting languages are based on recognizing graphical objects from their display screen pixels. These GUI scripting languages do not depend on support from the operating system or application.

Application specific languages can be split in many different categories, i. Likewise, many computer game systems use a custom scripting language to express the programmed actions of non-player characters and the game environment.

Languages of this sort are designed for a single application; and, while they may superficially resemble a specific general-purpose language e.

QuakeC , modeled after C , they have custom features that distinguish them. Emacs Lisp , while a fully formed and capable dialect of Lisp , contains many special features that make it most useful for extending the editing functions of Emacs.

An application-specific scripting language can be viewed as a domain-specific programming language specialized to a single application. A number of languages have been designed for the purpose of replacing application-specific scripting languages by being embeddable in application programs. The application programmer working in C or another systems language includes "hooks" where the scripting language can control the application.

These languages may be technically equivalent to an application-specific extension language but when an application embeds a "common" language, the user gets the advantage of being able to transfer skills from application to application.

A more generic alternative is simply to provide a library often a C library that a general-purpose language can use to control the application, without modifying the language for the specific domain.

JavaScript began as and primarily still is a language for scripting inside web browsers ; however, the standardisation of the language as ECMAScript has made it popular as a general-purpose embeddable language. In particular, the Mozilla implementation SpiderMonkey is embedded in several environments such as the Yahoo! Tcl was created as an extension language but has come to be used more frequently as a general-purpose language in roles similar to Python , Perl , and Ruby.

On the other hand, Rexx was originally created as a job control language, but is widely used as an extension language as well as a general-purpose language. Perl is a general-purpose language, but had the Oraperl dialect, consisting of a Perl 4 binary with Oracle Call Interface compiled in.

Other complex and task-oriented applications may incorporate and expose an embedded programming language to allow their users more control and give them more functionality than can be available through a user interface, no matter how sophisticated. Some other types of applications that need faster feature addition or tweak-and-run cycles e.

During the development, this allows them to prototype features faster and tweak more freely, without the need for the user to have intimate knowledge of the inner workings of the application or to rebuild it after each tweak which can take a significant amount of time.

The scripting languages used for this purpose range from the more common and more famous Lua and Python to lesser-known ones such as AngelScript and Squirrel. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This section does not cite any sources. Segwit resolves this by using HASH only for payments direct to a single public key where this sort of attack is useless , while using bit SHA hashes for payments to a script hash.

Everyone paying to multisig or smart contracts via segwit benefits from the extra security provided for scripts.

Segwit resolves this by including a version number for scripts, so that additional opcodes that would have required a hard-fork to be used in non-segwit transactions can instead be supported by simply increasing the script version. Easier changes to script opcodes will make advanced scripting in Bitcoin easier. This includes changes such as introducing Schnorr signatures, using key recovery to shrink signature sizes, supporting sidechains, or creating even smarter contracts by using Merklized Abstract Syntax Trees MAST and other research-level ideas.

The Unspent Transaction Output UTXO database is maintained by each validating Bitcoin node in order to determine whether new transactions are valid or fraudulent. This becomes more difficult as Bitcoin grows, as each new user must have at least one UTXO entry of their own and will prefer having multiple entries to help improve their privacy and flexibility, or to provide as backing for payment channels or other smart contracts.

This is expected to encourage users to favour the use of transactions that minimise impact on the UTXO set in order to minimise fees, and to encourage developers to design smart contracts and new features in a way that will also minimise the impact on the UTXO set. Because segwit is a soft-forking change and does not increase the base blocksize, the worst case growth rate of the UTXO set stays the same. Reduced UTXO growth will benefit miners, businesses, and users who run full nodes, which in turn helps maintain the current security of the Bitcoin network as more users enter the system.

Users and developers who help minimise the growth of the UTXO set will benefit from lower fees compared to those who ignore the impact of their transactions on UTXO growth.

At present, however, signature data is an integral part of the transaction and must be present in order to calculate the transaction hash. As more transactions use segwit addresses, people running pruned or SPV nodes will be able to operate with less bandwidth and disk space. Since old nodes will only download the witness-stripped block, they only enforce the 1 MB block size limit rule on that data. New nodes, which understand the full block with witness data, are therefore free to replace this limit with a new one, allowing for larger block sizes.

Segregated witness therefore takes advantage of this opportunity to raise the block size limit to nearly 4 MB, and adds a new cost limit to ensure blocks remain balanced in their resource use this effectively results in an effective limit closer to 1. People who run upgraded wallets will be able to take advantage of the increased block size by moving signatures to the witness section of the transaction. Currently there are two consensus-enforced limits on blocksize: Finding the most profitable set of transactions to include in a block given a single limit is an instance of the knapsack problem, which can be easily solved almost perfectly with a simple greedy algorithm.

However adding the second constraint makes finding a good solution very hard in some cases, and this theoretical problem has been exploited in practice to force blocks to be mined at a size well below capacity. It is not possible to solve this problem without either a hardfork, or substantially decreasing the block size.

Ultimately miners will benefit if a future hardfork that changes the block capacity limit to be a single weighted sum of parameters. This lets miners easily and accurately fill blocks while maximising fee income, and that will benefit users by allowing them to more reliably calculate the appropriate fee needed for their transaction to be mined.

However, as implemented, segwit does not make this any easier: As the Bitcoin userbase expands, validating the entire blockchain naturally becomes more expensive. To maintain the decentralised, trustless nature of Bitcoin, it is important to allow those who cannot afford to validate the entire blockchain to at least be able to cheaply validate as much of it as they can afford. Segwit improves the situation here by allowing a future soft-fork to extend the witness structure to include commitment data, which will allow lightweight SPV clients to enforce consensus rules such such as the number of bitcoins introduced in a block, the size of a block, and the number of sigops used in a block.

Segregated Witness Benefits by. Malleability Fixes Who benefits? Further information Linear scaling of sighash operations Who benefits?

Further information Signing of input values Who benefits? Further information Script versioning Who benefits?