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Political movements soon coalesced around the legalization of abortion and liberalization of existing laws.
By the early 21st century, many countries had begun to liberalize abortion laws, at least when performed to protect the life of the woman, and in some cases on woman's request.
Under Vladimir Lenin , the Soviet Union legalized abortions on request in The Soviet state initially preserved the tsarist ban on abortion, which treated the practice as premeditated murder. However, abortion had been practiced by Russian women for decades and its incidence skyrocketed further as a result of the Russian Civil War , which had left the country economically devastated and made it extremely difficult for many people to have children.
The Soviet state recognized that banning abortion would not stop the practice because women would continue using the services of private abortionists.
In rural areas, these were often old women who had no medical training, which made their services very dangerous to the women's health. In November the Soviet regime legalized abortion in state hospitals. The state considered abortion as a temporary necessary evil, which would disappear in the future communist society, which would be able to provide for all the children conceived.
In abortion was legalized in Japan, in Yugoslavia on a limited basis , and in the Soviet Union on demand. Some Soviet allies Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania legalized abortion in the late s under pressure from the Soviets. In the United Kingdom, the Abortion Act of clarified and prescribed abortions as legal up to 24 weeks.
Other countries soon followed, including Canada , the United States in most states, pursuant to Roe v. Wade , the federal Supreme Court decision which legalized abortion nationwide , Tunisia , Austria , France , New Zealand , Italy , the Netherlands , and Belgium However, these countries vary greatly in the circumstances under which abortion was to be permitted.
In the West German Supreme Court struck down a law legalizing abortion, holding that they contradict the constitution 's human rights guarantees. In a law was adopted which enabled abortions up to 12 weeks. After Germany's reunification , despite the legal status of abortion in the former East Germany, a compromise was reached which deemed most abortions up to 12 weeks legal.
In jurisdictions governed under sharia law , abortion after th day from conception 19 weeks from LMP is illegal, especially for those who follow the recommendations of the Hanafi legal school, while most jurists of the Maliki legal school "believe that ensoulment occurs at the moment of conception, and they tend to forbid abortion at any point [similar to the Roman Catholic Church]. The other schools hold intermediate positions.
According to sharia, it should be limited to a fine that is paid to the father or heirs of the fetus". There are no international or multinational treaties that deal directly with abortion, but human rights law touches on the issues. The American Convention on Human Rights , which in had 23 Latin American parties, declares human life as commencing with conception.
In Latin America , abortion is only legal in Cuba and Uruguay While abortions are legal under certain conditions in most countries, these conditions vary widely. According to the United Nations publication World Abortion Policies , [18] abortion is allowed in most countries 97 percent in order to save a woman's life.
Other commonly-accepted reasons are preserving physical 68 percent or mental health 65 percent. In about half of countries abortion is accepted in the case of rape or incest 51 percent , and in case of foetal impairment 50 percent. Performing an abortion because of economic or social reasons is accepted in 35 percent of countries.
Performing abortion only on the basis of a woman's request is allowed in 30 percent of countries, including in the US, Canada, most European countries, and China, with 42 percent of the population living in such countries. In some countries, additional procedures must be followed before the abortion can be carried out even if the basic grounds for it are met. For example, in Finland, where abortions are not granted based merely on a woman's request, approval for each abortion must be obtained from two doctors.
For example, in the United Kingdom Care Quality Commission 's report in found that several NHS clinics were circumventing the law, using forms pre-signed by one doctor, thus allowing abortions to patients who only met with one doctor. The effect of national laws as of [update] for each of the member states of the United Nations and two non-member States Vatican City and Niue is listed in the UN World Abortion Policies [1] report, and summarized in the following table.
The publication includes information on national estimates of abortion rate, fertility rate, maternal mortality ratio, levels of contraceptive use, unmet need for family planning, and government support for family planning, as well as regional estimates of unsafe abortion. Despite a wide variation in the restrictions under which it is permitted, abortion is legal in most European countries. The exceptions are micro-states where it is totally illegal Vatican City and Malta , micro-states where it is mostly illegal and severely restricted San Marino , Liechtenstein and Andorra and Ireland both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland , where great prohibitions on abortion exist.
All the remaining states make abortion legal on request. Although nearly every European country makes abortion available on demand during the first trimester, when it comes to later-term abortions, there are very few with laws as liberal as those of the United States.
Most countries in the European Union allow abortion on demand during the first trimester. After the first trimester, abortion is allowed only under certain circumstances, such as risk to woman's life or health, fetal defects or other specific situations that may be related to the circumstances of the conception or the woman's age.
For instance, in Austria, second trimester abortions are allowed only if there is a serious risk to physical health of woman that cannot be averted by other means ; risk to mental health of woman that cannot be averted by other means ; immediate risk to life of woman that cannot be averted by other means ; serious fetal impairment physical or mental ; or if the woman is under 14 years of age.
Some countries, such as Denmark, allow abortion after the first trimester for a variety of reasons, including socioeconomic ones, but a woman needs an authorization to have such an abortion. It should be noted that the access to an abortion in much of Europe depends not as much on the letter of the law, but on the prevailing social views which lead to the interpretation of the laws. For instance, in parts of Europe, laws which allow a second trimester abortion due to mental health concerns when it is deemed that the woman's psychological health would suffer from the continuation of the pregnancy have come to be interpreted very liberally, while in other conservative areas it is difficult to have a legal abortion even in the early stages of the pregnancy due to the policy of conscientious objection, under which doctors are allowed to refuse to perform an abortion if it is against their moral or religious convictions.
Malta is the only EU country that bans abortion in all cases, and does not have an exception for situations where the woman's life is in danger. The law however is not strictly enforced in relation to instances where a pregnancy endangers the woman's life. In Italy abortion is legal, but, in the past years, it has become more and more difficult to access it, due to the rising number of objectors among doctors and nurses.
Most women seeking abortions now resort to going abroad, paying a large price, or obtaining a clandestine abortion in unauthorized clinics. In Ireland abortion is illegal with the exception of cases where a woman's life is endangered by the continuation of her pregnancy see Abortion in the Republic of Ireland. Andorra allows for abortions only when there is a threat to the woman's life. With the exception of Poland, Europe's formerly Communist countries have liberal abortion laws.
Poland is a country with a strict abortion law. Abortion is allowed only in cases of risk to the life or health of the woman, when the pregnancy is a result of a criminal act the criminal act has to be confirmed by a prosecutor , or when the fetus is seriously malformed. A doctor who performs an abortion which is deemed to not have a legal basis is subject to criminal prosecution, and, out of fear of prosecution, doctors avoid abortions, except in the most extreme circumstances. Most European countries have laws which stipulate that minor girls need their parents' consent or that the parents must be informed of the abortion.
In most of these countries however, this rule can be circumvented if a committee agrees that the girl may be posed at risk if her parents find out about the pregnancy, or that otherwise it is in her best interests to not notify her parents.
The interpretation in practice of these laws depends from region to region, as with the other abortion laws. In countries where abortion is illegal or restricted, it is common for women to travel to neighboring countries with more liberal laws.
It was estimated in that over 6, Irish women travel to Britain to have abortions every year. In , the U. Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade legalized abortion nationwide. It established a minimal period during which abortion must be legal with more or fewer restrictions throughout the pregnancy. This basic framework, modified in Planned Parenthood v. Casey , is still in effect today. In accordance with Planned Parenthood v.
Casey , states cannot place legal restrictions posing an undue burden for "the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus. This category of countries includes most countries in Latin America , most countries of MENA , approximately half of the countries of Africa , seven countries in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as two countries Malta and Ireland in Europe.
Latin America is considered the world region with the most restrictive abortion laws. Controversy over the beginning of pregnancy occurs in different contexts, particularly in a legal context, and is particularly discussed within the abortion debate from the point of measuring the gestational age of the pregnancy. Pregnancy can be measured from a number of convenient points, including the day of last menstruation , ovulation , fertilization , implantation and chemical detection.
A common medical way to calculate gestational age is to measure pregnancy from the first day of the last menstrual cycle. Exceptions in abortion laws occur either in countries where abortion is, as a general rule illegal, or in countries which have abortion on request with gestational limits for example if a country allows abortion on request until 12 weeks, it may create exceptions to this general gestation limit for later abortions in specific circumstances.
There are a few common exceptions sometimes found in abortion laws. Legal domains which do not have abortion on demand will often allow it when the health of the mother is at stake. Laws allowing abortion in cases of rape or incest often go together.
For example, before Roe v. Wade , thirteen US states allowed abortion in the case of either rape or incest, but only Mississippi permitted abortion of pregnancies due to rape, and no state permitted it for just incest. Many countries allow for abortion only through the first or second trimester , and some may allow abortion in cases of fetal defects, e. Laws in some countries with liberal abortion laws protect access to abortion services.
Such legislation often seeks to guard abortion clinics against obstruction , vandalism , picketing , and other actions, or to protect patients and employees of such facilities from threats and harassment.
Other laws create a perimeter around a facility, known variously as a "buffer zone", "bubble zone", or "access zone". This area is intended to limit how close to these facilities demonstration by those who oppose abortion can approach. Protests and other displays are restricted to a certain distance from the building, which varies depending upon the law, or are prohibited altogether.
Similar zones have also been created to protect the homes of abortion providers and clinic staff. Bubble zone laws are divided into "fixed" and "floating" categories. Fixed bubble zone laws apply to the static area around the facility itself, and floating laws to objects in transit, such as people or cars. European Court of Human Rights. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. July Learn how and when to remove this template message. Beginning of pregnancy controversy. Legal protection of access to abortion. If the million women with unmet need used modern family planning methods Retrieved 12 January The abortion industry is no different.
The abortion industry, led by Planned Parenthood, is about committing abortion. Sure they provide some other services, but when your only self-sustaining revenue source is one thing and you are responsible for 40 percent of that one thing in the entire nation, that is what you are about.
Planned Parenthood is about abortion. And that number is drastically increasing. Taxpayer funding for the abortion giant has more than doubled in the last decade. This increase is in part due to the fact that it is now reporting the numbers a little more honestly. For the first time, Planned Parenthood is reporting revenue from Medicaid as revenue from the government, taxpayers. So now that Planned Parenthood has graciously decided to stop underreporting the money it takes from taxpayers, we can see more fully, how much Planned Parenthood relies on the Government.
Title X officially expired in September , but Congress has continued to appropriate money for it in ever-increasing amounts. Regulations issued by the Department of Health and Human Services require the contraception distribution to be strictly confidential i.
Federal funding for Planned Parenthood under Title X has steadily increased over the years get free bitcoins instantly. Now, here is where merely glancing at financial statements fails to tell the real story. This is the most hidden statistic of the abortion industry bitcoin mining pool software.
Abortions caused by abortion pills are not reported on any medical chart or to any government agency. We do know, however, how many abortion pills Planned Parenthood dispenses.
Of course, you would never know this by listening to or reading the mainstream media bitcoin potential. The media elites spend their time defending Planned Parenthood as a sacred institution whose purpose is to help women — a organization that can do no harm.